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71.
Brian Buchanan Zachary M. Easton Rebecca Schneider M. Todd Walter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2012,48(1):43-60
Buchanan, Brian, Zachary M. Easton, Rebecca Schneider, and M. Todd Walter, 2011. Incorporating Variable Source Area Hydrology Into a Spatially Distributed Direct Runoff Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 43‐60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00594.x Abstract: Few hydrologic models simulate both variable source area (VSA) hydrology, and runoff‐routing at high enough spatial resolutions to capture fine‐scale hydrologic pathways connecting VSA to the stream network. This paper describes a geographic information system‐based operational model that simulates the spatio‐temporal dynamics of VSA runoff generation and distributed runoff‐routing, including through complex artificial drainage networks. The model combines the Natural Resource Conservation Service’s Curve Number (CN) equation for estimating storm runoff with the topographic index concept for predicting the locations of VSA and a runoff‐routing algorithm into a new spatially distributed direct hydrograph (SDDH) model (SDDH‐VSA). Using a small agricultural watershed in central New York, SDDH‐VSA results were compared to those from a SDDH model using the traditional land use assumptions for the CN (SDDH‐CN). The SDDH‐VSA model generally agreed better with observed discharge than the SDDH‐CN model (average, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.69 vs. 0.58, respectively) and resulted in more realistic spatial patterns of runoff‐generating areas. The SDDH approach did not correctly capture the timing of runoff from small storms in dry periods. Despite this type of limitation, SDDH‐VSA extends the applicability of the SDDH technique to VSA conditions, providing a basis for new tools to help identify critical management areas and assess water quality risks due to landscape alterations. 相似文献
72.
运用潜在源贡献分析(PSCF)方法,识别了2018年秋冬季京津冀地区典型城市北京,唐山和石家庄PM2.5的潜在污染源区;基于气象-空气质量模式(WRF-CAMx)和传输通量计算方法定量评估了与其周边省市之间PM2.5的传输贡献,识别了三个典型城市PM2.5的传输路径,揭示了PM2.5传输净通量的垂直分布特征.结果表明,三个城市秋冬季PSCF高值主要集中在河北南部,河南东北部和山西中东部地区;秋冬季PM2.5均以本地贡献影响为主(51.78%~68.40%),外来贡献为辅(31.60%~48.22%),不同季节贡献率有所波动.整个观测期间,近地面主要表现为毗邻城市向北京和石家庄输送PM2.5,而唐山主要表现为向外输送PM2.5,净通量最大值出现在海拔0~50m,其净通量为-99.47t/d.同时鉴别出了一条主要的传输路径,即西南-东北方向. 相似文献
73.
磨蚀损坏是泥石流排导槽失效的重要诱因之一。对排导槽底面受泥石流冲刷而产生磨蚀的研究现状进行总结,并基于摩擦磨损理论分析排导槽的磨蚀系统特征,以期促进泥石流排导槽磨蚀损坏的机理研究及抗磨蚀结构的研发应用。通过泥石流排导槽磨蚀的野外现象考察和理论分析,总结了磨蚀系统构成、磨蚀影响因素、磨蚀形貌和磨蚀行为特征。结果表明,泥石流排导槽磨蚀面是一个复杂的多相系统,涉及因子众多,符合系统依赖性、时间依赖性和多学科交叉耦合的摩擦学系统特征;磨蚀影响因素分为泥石流自身磨蚀能力因素和排导槽抗磨蚀能力因素两大类,包括泥石流容重、流速、颗粒组分、泥深、流变参数、流态参数、过流持续时间和排导槽结构断面型式、衬砌材料的强度、骨料级配和硬度等;磨蚀形貌可归纳为层状剥落、犁沟状切槽、“壶穴状”磨蚀坑和肋槛顶部磨蚀共四类。 相似文献
74.
Brian P. Bledsoe Chester C. Watson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(2):255-270
ABSTRACT: Channel instability and aquatic ecosystem degradation have been linked to watershed imperviousness in humid regions of the U.S. In an effort to provide a more process‐based linkage between observed thresholds of aquatic ecosystem degradation and urbanization, standard single event approaches (U.S. Geological Survey Flood Regression Equations and rational) and continuous hydrologic models (HSPF and CASC2D) were used to examine potential changes in flow regime associated with varying levels of watershed imperviousness. The predicted changes in flow parameters were then interpreted in concert with risk‐based models of channel form and instability. Although low levels of imperviousness (10 to 20 percent) clearly have the potential to destabilize streams, changes in discharge, and thus stream power, associated with increased impervious area are highly variable and dependent upon watershed‐specific conditions. In addition to the storage characteristics of the pre‐development watershed, the magnitude of change is sensitive to the connectivity and conveyance of impervious areas as well as the specific characteristics of the receiving channels. Different stream types are likely to exhibit varying degrees and types of instability, depending on entrenchment, relative erodibility of bed and banks, riparian condition, mode of sediment transport (bedload versus suspended load), and proximity to geomorphic thresholds. Nonetheless, simple risk‐based analyses of the potential impacts of land use change on aquatic ecosystems have the potential to redirect and improve the effectiveness of watershed management strategies by facilitating the identification of channels that may be most sensitive to changes in stream power. 相似文献
75.
Summary.
Darna bradleyi Holloway, D. trima Moore, Setothosea asigna van Eecke and Setora nitens Walker are sympatric and coseasonal limacodid moths in plantations of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecales: Palmae), in Borneo, southeast Asia. We tested the hypothesis that these four species maintain reproductive
isolation through specificity in diel periods of communication, microlocation for communication and/or communication signal
(pheromone). Studying diel periodicity of calling behavior by female moths and response by male moths to traps baited with
virgin females or synthetic pheromone, we determined that sexual communication of D. bradleyi and D. trima took place from ˜17:30 to 18:45 hr and that of S. asigna and S. nitens from ˜18:45 to 20:00 hr and from ˜18:30 to 19:30 hr, respectively. Over 80% of male S. asigna and S. nitens were captured in pheromone-baited traps suspended >5 m high, whereas male D. bradleyi and D. trima were captured mostly in traps <5 m high. Synthetic pheromone baits attracted male moths in a species-specific manner. Moreover,
baits containing both S. asigna and S. nitens pheromones failed to attract any male moths, indicating that female S. asigna and S. nitens, with overlapping communication periods, use bifunctional pheromone components that attract conspecific males while repelling
heterospecifics. Similarly, addition of D. bradleyi pheromone to S. asigna or S. nitens pheromone reduced attraction of male S. asigna and S. nitens. The failure of D. bradleyi and D. trima, which overlap in time and microlocation for communication, to evolve bifunctional pheromones may be attributed to the recent
occurrence of sympatry between D. bradleyi and D. trima in Borneo, apparently too recent for bifunctional pheromones to have evolved. We conclude that D. bradleyi, D. trima, S. asigna and S. nitens utilize any or all of diel periodicity, intra and interspecific effects of communication signal and/or microlocation for
signaling, allowing these limacodids to co-inhabit the same habitat and remain reproductively isolated.
Received 5 May 2000; accepted 18 August 2000 相似文献
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79.
Tim D. Keane Christopher K. Sass 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(6):1513-1529
This paper recounts our predictions of channel evolution of the Black Vermillion River (BVR) and sediment yields associated with the evolutionary sequence. Channel design parameters allowed for the prediction of stable channel form and coincident sediment yields. Measured erosion rates and basin‐specific bank erosion curves aided in prediction of the stream channel succession time frame. This understanding is critical in determining how and when to mitigate a myriad of instability consequences. The BVR drains approximately 1,062 km2 in the glaciated region of Northeast Kansas. Once tallgrass prairie, the basin has been modified extensively for agricultural production. As such, channelization has shortened the river by nearly 26 km from pre‐European dimensions; shortening combined with the construction of numerous flow‐through structures have produced dramatic impacts on discharge and sediment dynamics. Nine stream reaches were established within three main tributaries of the BVR in 2007. Reaches averaged 490 m in length, were surveyed, and assessed for channel stability, while resurveys were conducted annually through 2010 to monitor change. This work illustrates the association of current stream state, in‐channel sediment contributions, and prediction of future erosion rates based on stream evolution informed by multiple models. Our findings suggest greater and more rapid sedimentation of a federal reservoir than has been predicted using standard sediment prediction methods. 相似文献
80.
弯道明渠内危化品泄漏扩散的数值模拟 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
自由水面流动和危化品水体迁移扩散过程属有界性问题,利用两相流理论建立三维瞬态VOF动力学模型,在其基础上提出危化品水体迁移扩散的浓度压缩性微分方程,有限容积法离散方程,高分辨率Gamma离散格式适用于解决有界性问题,用Gamma格式离散VOF和危化品迁移扩散方程的对流项。对Chang实验的弯曲水槽的流动及危化品扩散进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果较吻合。笔者建立的数学模型能准确地模拟水流三维特性突出的弯道水槽的流场和危化品水体迁移扩散过程。 相似文献